Pheochromocytoma: molecular classification into groups with different noradrenergic biochemical phenotypes and risk of metastasis [Feocromocitoma: clasificación molecular en grupos con diferente fenotipo bioquímico noradrenérgico y riesgo de metástasis]

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62574/e4a1y809

Keywords:

phaeochromocytoma, adrenal gland neoplasms, neoplasm metastases

Abstract

Objective: Analyse pheochromocytoma based on molecular classification into groups with different noradrenergic biochemical phenotypes and risk of metastasis. Method: Systematic review in Medline, Cochrane, Medigraphic, BVS, and PubMed from January 2020 to January 2025. DeCS terms were used: pheochromocytoma, molecular classification, metastasis, catecholamines, and metanephrines. Twenty-four articles that met the selection criteria were included. Results: Seventy per cent of cases are classified into three molecular groups. Group 1 (Krebs/VHL/EPAS1) presents a noradrenergic phenotype with a metastatic risk of 30-40% in SDHB mutations. Group 2 (kinases) shows an adrenergic phenotype with less aggressive behaviour. Group 3 (Wnt) suggests potentially aggressive behaviour. Fractionated metanephrines have a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 85%. Forty per cent of cases are hereditary, requiring genetic testing. Conclusions: Molecular classification allows for personalised risk stratification. The noradrenergic phenotype is significantly associated with higher metastatic risk, requiring prolonged intensive follow-up.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Araujo-Castro M. Pheochromocytoma: preoperative approach. Med Clin (Barc). 2024;163(6):294–300.

Vassiliadi DA, Delivanis DA, Papalou O, Tsagarakis S. Approach to the patient with bilateral adrenal masses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):2136–2148.

Park SS, Kim JH. Recent updates on the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2023;38(4):373–380.

Nölting S, Bechmann N, Taieb D, Beuschlein F, Fassnacht M, Kroiss M, Eisenhofer G, Grossman A, Pacak K. Personalized management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(2):199–239.

Rossi GP, Bisogni V, Rossitto G, Maiolino G, Cesari M, Zhu R, Seccia TM. Practice recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of the most common forms of secondary hypertension. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020;27(6):547–560.

Fassnacht M, Tsagarakis S, Terzolo M, Tabarin A, Sahdev A, Newell-Price J, Pelsma I, Marina L, Lorenz K, Bancos I, Arlt W, Dekkers OM. European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023;189(1):G1–G42.

Sobocki BK, Perdyan A, Szot O, Rutkowski J. Management of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: a case-based review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(9):2591.

Molina L, Salgado J, Amado S. Feocromocitoma y paraganglioma: un reto más allá de la clínica. Rev Colomb Cancerol. 2021;25(1):3–12.

Arroyo Ripoll OF, Achote E, Araujo-Castro M. Clinical presentation of pheochromocytoma and screening recommendations. Rev Clin Esp. 2025;225(3):157–167.

Savoie PH, Murez T, Fléchon A, Rocher L, Ferretti L, Morel-Journel N, Camparo P, Méjean A. Malignancy assessment of an adrenal incidentaloma: French ccAFU guidelines update 2020–2022. Prog Urol. 2020;30(Suppl 1):S331–S352.

Borozan S, Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Shetty S, Pappachan JM. Approach to endocrine hypertension: a case-based discussion. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2025;27(1):8.

Kebebew E. Adrenal incidentaloma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(16):1542–1551.

Lenders JW. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: a deceptive connection. Eur J Endocrinol. 2022;166(2):143–150.

Fischer A, Kloos S, Remde H, et al. Responses to systemic therapy in metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023;189(5):546–565.

Calsina B, Robledo M. Genomic profiling identifies metastatic risk and immunotherapy responders in pheochromocytoma. Nat Commun. 2023;14:xxxx.

Chen H, Sippel RS, O’Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K. North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Pancreas. 2020;39(6):775–783.

Kwon SY, Lee KS, Lee JN, et al. Risk factors for hypertensive crisis during pheochromocytoma resection. Investig Clin Urol. 2021;57(3):184–190.

Achote E, Arroyo Ripoll OF, Araujo-Castro M. Update on the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc. 2025;42(1):43–51.

Tanabe A, Naruse M. Recent advances in the management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(11):1141–1151.

Rowe NE, Kumar R, Schieda N, Siddiqi F, McGregor T, McAlpine K, et al. Diagnosis, management, and follow-up of the incidentally discovered adrenal mass: CUA guideline endorsed by the AUA. J Urol. 2023;210(4):590–599.

Published

2025-10-20

Issue

Section

Originales breves

How to Cite

1.
León-Pallasco DA, Paredes-Tobar SO, Elio Joel, Altamirano-Guerrero OE. Pheochromocytoma: molecular classification into groups with different noradrenergic biochemical phenotypes and risk of metastasis [Feocromocitoma: clasificación molecular en grupos con diferente fenotipo bioquímico noradrenérgico y riesgo de metástasis]. CER [Internet]. 2025 Oct. 20 [cited 2026 Jul. 27];3(especial2):165-82. Available from: https://revistasinstitutoperspectivasglobales.rperspectivasinvestigativas.org/index.php/CER/article/view/915

Most read articles by the same author(s)